Methodology for an optimal deployment of the recharging infrastructure for electric vehicles

184 p.CO2 emissions must be reduced to meet the international commitments to tackle climate change. One of the most promising alternatives for such reduction is the electrification of transport, especially in urban environments, due to its advantages in terms of lack of local emissions and noise reduction. Yet, the lack of publicly accessible charging infrastructure is preventing the mass-adoption of electro-mobility. EV customers want to see a dense enough publicly accessible charging infrastructure network, but they will seldom use it if they can use private home charging. Hence, the economic feasibility of deploying such charging infrastructure must be carefully assessed. Although there have been several attempts to assess the economic performance of operating publicly accessible charging infrastructure, none of them if able to handle the complexity of electro-mobility (by e.g. merging all different charging alternatives into the same analysis). This thesis aims at filling the identified gap, by defining a new methodology which looks at the whole value chain, is business-oriented, performs a quantitative analysis, compares EV against ICE vehicles and takes into account the relationships between the different charging alternatives into a single assessment. The three main contributions of the thesis are: 1) The new methodology extends the scope for analysing complex business cases to consider the different dimensions of the business case at the same time, 2) This new methodology highlights the crucial need to involve appropriate representatives of the relevant stakeholders (decision-makers) in the analysis from the very beginning of the process, and 3) The new methodology has an oriented, tailored approach from the early stages of the analysis to obtain significant results which increase the reliability of the outcomes and guide the decision-making process

THE EFFECT OF VISUALIZATION STRATEGY ON THE STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION AT SMA SWASTA NURCAHAYA MEDAN

The aim this research was to get the information about the effect of Visualization straregy on the students reading comprehension who were from SMA Swasta Nurcahaya Medan at school year 2022/2023. Quantitative method was applied in carrying out this research. After carrying out the research, the writer got research findings. Visualization strategy has given significant impact on the students’ reading comprehension. From the research result, it was known that the implementation of Visualization Strategy is more effective than conventional teaching strategy in teaching reading comprehension. The writer did the pre-test. From the pre-test it can be seen that 66.90 were the mean scores of the students who came from control class. The writer did the post-test to the students who were control class. The mean scores of the students were 74.28. Meanwhile, the  writer also got the data from the experimental class. After doing pre-test in the experimental class, it can be seen that the mean scores of the students were 67.57. After doing the post-test, it can be seen that the mean scores of the students were 85.81. The writer compared the mean scores of the students who were from the control class and the experimental class. The mean scores were compared after doing the pre-test and the post-test. From the result of the post-tests, the writer could make conclusions. The students’ mean scores from the experimental class were higher than the students’ mean scores from the controlc class (85.81>74.28). The difference of mean scores were 11.53. The writer implemented t-test in carrying out this research. After doing the test. it was known that t-observed value was 5.67. After seeing the result, t-test (5.67) was higher than the t-table (1.675) (p = 0.05 and df = 56). By seeing this data, the writer concluded that Visualization Strategy significanlty affected the reading comprehension of the students who were from SMA Swasta Nurcahaya Medan. Keywords: The Effect, Visualization Strategy, Reading Comprehension, Descriptive Tex

Methodology for assessing electric vehicle charging infrastructure business models

The analysis of economic implications of innovative business models in networked environments, as electro-mobility is, requires a global approach to ensure that all the involved actors obtain a benefit. Although electric vehicles (EVs) provide benefits for the society as a whole, there are a number of hurdles for their widespread adoption, mainly the high investment cost for the EV and for the infrastructure. Therefore, a sound business model must be built up for charging service operators, which allows them to recover their costs while, at the same time, offer EV users a charging price which makes electro-mobility comparable to internal combustion engine vehicles. For that purpose, three scenarios are defined, which present different EV charging alternatives, in terms of charging power and charging station ownership and accessibility. A case study is presented for each scenario and the required charging station usage to have a profitable business model is calculated. We demonstrate that private home charging is likely to be the preferred option for EV users who can charge at home, as it offers a lower total cost of ownership under certain conditions, even today. On the contrary, finding a profitable business case for fast charging requires more intensive infrastructure usage.European Commission's FP

Aggregation of thermostatically controlled loads for flexibility markets

This paper presents a tool for an aggregator of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) to optimally combine their flexibilities into a few representative bids to be submitted to flexibility markets. The tool employs a “bottom-up” approach based on physical end-use load models, being the individual flexibility of each individual TCL simulated with a second-order thermal model describing the dynamics of the house. The approach is based on a direct load control (DLC) of thermostat temperature set-point by the aggregator. End-users receive an economic compensation in exchange for the loss of comfort. The applicability of the proposed model is demonstrated in a simulation case study based on an actual power system in Spain.The research leading to this publication has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 691405

EV integration in smart grids through interoperability solutions

The high total cost of ownership and the uncertainties surrounding battery reliability are still the main barriers for electric vehicle (EV) market take off in Europe. Storage evolution, leading to both price reduction and performance improvement, is a huge technical challenge in the medium-long term. In the meantime, new business models and market niche developments might play a facilitator role for EV deployment by tackling the economic gap between conventional ICE and electromobility (e-mobility) solutions. Based on the analysis of the state of the art, this paper considers new business model aspects, but with an especial focus on smart grid integration and interoperability. Available solutions for electro-mobility are sketched out and presented according to the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM), giving hints on regulation, business, services, components and communication and information. The smart grid integration of EVs is highly dependent on the interoperability of e-mobility solutions with electric network management procedures. In addition, it is expected that the interoperability between different e-mobility developments results in lower prices and extended services availability for final users. This makes this subject to be of great importance at international level. To achieve this, it is necessary to be able to assess interoperability, not only at the level of physical systems but at all domains, including stakeholder interactions in the frame of a broad diversity of services, business models and regulatory schemes. COTEVOS project aim is to help tackle this challenge.EC FP

Assessment of ICT-based Architectures for the integration of EVs in smart grids

The involvement of Information and Communication Technology (ICTs) systems in the evolution of distribution networks towards smart grid approaches is critical. The use of ICTs in the electrical system is already a fact, mainly in transmission but also at energy distribution level. It is expected that this dependency will increase in the future and, among other functionalities, it will help integrate distributed energy resources (DER), including electric vehicles (EVs), into network operation. Both remote communications and automated actions will be a characteristic of smart grids design, permitting higher levels of control and visibility in distribution networks. In general, smart grid features and processes in the fields of distribution automation, advanced metering, DER integration and customer empowering will condition the availability of services. DER system involvement in network operation processes is one of the main tools for flexibility enhancement in smart grids and the principal scope of this study. The services that could most suitably be provided by EVs to the network have been analysed through use case descriptions, involving: frequency regulation, load balancing, voltage regulation/reactive power provision, peak shaving, load profile flattening and renewable energy system (RES) integration. As result of the study, general ICT system requirements, including a network architecture, are proposed for the provision of advanced network services by EVs and other demand resources in smart grid environments.EC FP

Optimised TSO-DSO Coordination to Integrate Renewables in Flexibility Markets

The necessary energy transition to decarbonize power systems is leading to increasingly important challenges for the operation of power systems. On the one hand, the intermittent nature of renewable generation requires system operators to procure ancillary services in larger volumes than in the past. On the other, the growing penetration of medium- and small-scale, flexible demand and storage systems in distribution networks could potentially offer network services, if they are aggregated effectively and there is an appropriate coordination between transmission system operators (TSOs), distribution system operators (DSOs) and aggregators. Therefore, an important topic to be analysed is whether distributed energy resources (DER) can replace traditional generation in the provision of ancillary services (AS), how this replacement will affect the system operators’ roles and how to improve the coordination between TSOs and DSOs. This paper shows the results of the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) performed within the project SmartNet to assess the advantages or disadvantages of different TSO-DSO coordination schemes, as well as the follow-up activities to be carried out in the project CoordiNet.These projects have received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements No 691405 & No 824414

VALIDACIÓN DE NUEVOS ESQUEMAS DE COORDINACIÓN TSO/DSO PARA FAVORECER LA INTEGRACIÓN DE ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES EN EL SISTEMA ELÉCTRICO EN EL HORIZONTE 2030+ - EL PROYECTO SMARTNET

El proyecto SmartNet se enmarca dentro del programa H2020 de la Comisión Europea. Con una duración de tres años y 22 socios entre Industria, Centros de Investigación y Universidades, tiene como objetivo el desarrollo e implementación de soluciones novedosas que permitan incrementar la proporción de energías renovables en el sistema eléctrico en el horizonte 2030+. Para ello, se han definido cinco esquemas de coordinación TSO/DSO orientados a definir la solución óptima para la provisión de servicios auxiliares desde las redes de distribución al sistema de transporte, así como los mecanismos de intercambio de información necesarios. Estos esquemas de coordinación se van a simular y, finalmente validar en tres pilotos en Italia, Dinamarca y España.European Commission's H202

Economic Implications of DSO-TSO Coordination Schemes at a System Level and for Market Actors in case of Flexibility or Traditional Grid-based Solution

This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the economic implication of the use of flexibility to solve both joint DSO-TSO and local DSO-specific congestion management needs. The presented methodology enables evaluating the economic implications at a system level and per market actor according to the selected DSO-TSO coordination scheme and given flexibility needs. Firstly, several DSO-TSO coordination schemes are presented to solve joint needs, in which market access to flexible resources at the distribution grid is enabled to a greater or lesser extent. Secondly, the use of flexibility is compared to traditional grid solutions (i.e., grid reinforcement, temporary commissioning services) to enable the DSO to make cost-efficient grid decisions in the short and medium term. Finally, the economic impact on flexible service providers at the distribution level is carefully presented. This methodology seeks to support energy policies and other regulatory decisions.This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement nº 824414. TECNALIA is a “CERVERA Technology Centre of Excellence” recognized by the Ministry of Science and Innovatio